What Are Three Men From Different Cultures - 1220 Words

Midterm Paper Katelin Gephart Bellarmine University In this image are three men from various cultures. One appears to be from the Middle East, the other from China and the final from some American country. The American is in warrior regalia and is wearing a crown of feathers. Also with him is a bow and a bowl-like cup. He is not fully dressed and is standing up. By his feet is a large cauldron type device. The Middle Easterner and the Chinese guy are sitting down and are completely clothed in robes. They, like the American guy, are holding a cup of a steaming liquid but their cups are shaped slightly different. The Middle Easterner has a small kettle beside him. The Chinese guy is wearing a long necklace of beads and has a Chinese style†¦show more content†¦The perspective of this piece can also be seen in how they represent the cultures. Europeans tended to view the Americans as an uncivilized people and this is represented in the piece with how the American is seen standing up, wearing little clothing, and holding a bow as if he is getting ready to go hunting or go to war. On the other hand China and the Middle East, which are seen by Europeans as much older, civilized cultures are sitting down, and they look like they are ready to have a discussion. This image also features a few repeating details throughout its drawing. First off as mentioned earlier each country has their own cooking pot for their drink located somewhere near them. This is likely to represent the topic of the image, which is the similar beverages that come from these very distinct cultures. Another repeating detail is that all the men are looking at each other; America is looking at China, China at the Middle East, and Middle East at America. This suggests a type of comradery. Connections: One interesting thing I noticed in this image is that we see the three powerful cultures of the Americans (the Aztecs), China, and the Middle East gathering, but we don’t see the culture that brought them all together. China and the Middle East have more than likely interacted without European intervention but neither of them would have known of the Aztecs without Europeans intervention. This pointsShow MoreRelatedSex Versus Gender Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesgiven culture. There were two articles studied by Group D, the first one tries to prove that men or women can be the aggressive sex, while the second article deals on which sex talks more and why. What it comes down too is, that both articles try to distinguish which sex is more dominant and why. Margaret Mead article, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, describes research done to see if cultures contribute to the shaping of a person. The research done involves three primitiveRead MoreSex and Temperament1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween men and women in her book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935). In this study she concluded that sex has no bearing on social traits and the temperament of an individual. Her research looked at whether masculine or feminine traits are innate or learned. She also questioned whether men and women differ because of nature (heredity) or nurture (socialization). She concludes that cultural conditioning is more important than biology in shaping the behavior of women and men. TheRead MoreAn Examination of Genders in World Regions1159 Words   |  5 Pagesregions of our world value different icons, gods, or elements, there is one thing in which all cultures value, and that is the people of their society. Since peop le are high on a culture’s priority list, they value people in different way. Some cultures decide that one sex is superior over the other. 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The Amish culture is driven by the Amish religion which teaches that they must be separate from â€Å"worldly† sinRead MoreGender Roles Of Herland 874 Words   |  4 PagesGender roles in Herland . After reading different articles and â€Å"Herland†, written in 1915 by Gilman, I have been thinking about this question that what would a world without man be like? On the contrary, what would a world without woman be look like? Gilman in her fairy novel, described three men landing in a country where there are only women are living there. A fairy land with cooperation , peace , wisdom and achievement. The characters in this book seem to have been chosen carefullyRead MoreStudy About Culture And Its Dependency On Business1715 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy about Culture and its dependency on business in various culture. After a theoretical study, in order to understand the practical Cultural difference three different people were interviewed. 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There are different terms of the word culture, but the common term for culture is â€Å"the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc.† One of the cultures that I am interested in is the Dogon tribe, also referred to as the dogon people. In their older literature the people were recognize as â€Å"Fabe† meaning pagan or strang er. The Dogon tribe is an

Staying True to Self Examining the Elements which Hinder...

Assimilation by any standard is conversion. A type of conversion into another’s culture with new beliefs, morals, and traditions that changes an individual. Forced or willingly done, this act of assimilation is a loss of a person’s identity within his/or her own culture, whether he/or she is African, Native American, Chinese or Latino. However, who says that one must fully assimilate into another culture, taking on another’s entire way of living and committing to those beliefs, ridding oneself of one’s own heritage? In Lee Schweninger’s essay, â€Å"Back when I used to be Indian: Native American Authenticity and Postcolonial Discourse,† he acknowledges â€Å"the importance of tribal identity, an identity maintained despite and separate from those†¦show more content†¦Never can one fully escape the captivity of their heritage. But rather they hold onto pieces of their culture through daily activities, hobbies, or simple interactions, restraining them from ever completely adapting into another’s culture. With the use of critical arguments from Frederic Nietzsche, Deborah L. Madsen, and Gloria Anzaldua, this thesis will prove that the characters within the works of Sherman Alexie’s Reservation Blues and Tyehimba Jess’ Leadbelly can never fully assimilate into the dominate culture due to driving elements such as storytelling and dreaming which heavily impact their individual lives, promoting acceptance of their own heritage and cultural identity over that of the oppressive dominating society. Frederic Nietzsche’s ideas of the Apollonian and Dionysus helps explore the power of dreaming and the reality it forces one to confront within them as they battle with the thought of assimilation. The existence of the two ideas is contrasting in characteristic, but they don’t merely fight each other; they need each other to exist. The Apollonian state is in which, the person who is responsiv e to the stimuli of art behaves toward the reality of dream much the way the philosopher behaves toward the reality of existence; he observes exactly and enjoys his observations, for it is by these images that he interprets life, by these processes that he rehearses it. (Nietzsche 440) This is coupled

Animal Rights and Ethics Free Essays

Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? During this paper I will present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the key areas of animal ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Rights and Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, testing, hunting, and improper housing. My conclusion will hopefully bring us closer to answering many of the question surrounding â€Å"Animal Rights and Ethics†. Animals Rights and Ethics† Animal ethics is a complex subject. Despite opinions Animal ethics has nothing to do with someone’s sentimental love for animal. In fact you don’t even have to own or like animals to argue that it is morally wrong to mistreat them. For many it raises fundamental questions about the basis of moral rights. For years animal rights activist have tried to prevent animal suffering. Two of the main topics which animal rights activists have brought to the attention of the public are; animal testing and hunting. The testing performed on animals has gone on for years and even with certain regulations set in place some of these experiments can be extremely cruel and barbaric. Even now it is still defended by the scientist performing these acts and our governments as a necessary (evils or) safety procedure. They don’t want to spray perfume on people and cause them to get a rash so they use it on animals before it is safe for the public. There have been a lot of negativity surrounding animals testing but some of these tests have lead to medical breakthroughs. Clinicians can now use Herceptin to treat Breast Cancer. If it wasn’t for animal testing the estimated five million diagnosed diabetics in the United States alone wouldn’t be able to use Insulin safely. If we look at the good side of animal testing it is that humans benefit in long run. The dark side of animal testing is the majority of test subjects or test animals have went blind or died not because of medical advancements but simply because it was necessary to test whether cosmetics like perfume burned when sprayed in eyes of animals instead of humans. The views of animal rights activists are that innocent animals live there life in labs and cages not for the benefit of man but for the benefit of the next test. As of today these procedures are viewed as ethical and expectable in our culture. Hunting is an extremely controversial subject because hunting in different cultures means different things. In this country hunting laws were dramatically, changed causing outcry within the hunting community. Activist believes it would be ethical to ban hunting world wide. Hunters would argue that they have the right to live off the land and it’s a form of population control. It comes back to the fact hunters don’t need meat to live and most hunting is did for fun, not for food. As far as population control places like Africa have adopted things like â€Å"Hunting Safari’s†. On these safari’s you can hunt any animal for a certain fee. So as long as you have the money you can go kill a rhino or tiger with no hesitation for fun. To pay and kill innocent animals for a photo ethically seems to be a ludicrous idea. If animals kill people it is universally viewed that the animal should be put down but when humans kill animals it’s the exact opposite. Most Activists have felt if animals don’t have rights people will always be allowed to commit these unethical acts. While hunters feel they can’t be held morally wrong if these events are legal by law. For years people have avoided arguing that all animals deserve rights because this would give rights to creatures that are so simple that the idea of them having rights would seem to defy common sense. The second problem is arguing which animals should have rights. The argument that only the â€Å"higher level† animals have rights would suggest that we have the right to pick and choose which animals deserve respect. For instance the household animals which we keep as pets have the right to live a happy fulfilled life, but the spider you washed down the stink or the slug you or a kid poured salt over did not because they are not a â€Å"higher† animal. Even though it might seem wrong or controversial for one to decide which are ‘higher’ animals, our society and government have decided this for us. For example household pets such as dogs and cats are hailed too much higher standards in the United States than Cows or Chickens. Which raises the question, is it ethically wrong for Animal rights activists to fight for the rights of some animals and not others? Animal Cruelty is a subject that spreads far across the United States and into most civilized cultures. Animal cruelty can either be in the form of intentional abuse, simple neglect, or abandonment of animals. Whatever forms the abuse takes, however, the animal that is the victim of the abuse is often helpless and may experience extreme suffering. Animal right activist feel if you don’t know how to take care or treat an animal it can be as deadly as physical abuse to care for one. Activist also feel by giving a child a fish, rabbit, or bird to take care of can viewed as intentional neglect or abuse. This is based upon a child not being able to take care of its self but giving another life which depends on its care in order for it to live. This is hardly ever considered by the parent(s) or suppliers of pets and for that that reason organization like PETA and The Humane Society feel it is necessary to step in and make the general public aware of these issues. The Improper housing of animals have been a bitter subject with Animal rights activist as well. This is viewed as immoral because Activist feel it is unfair to house or travel with animals in cages against their will. They see places like the zoo, breeding houses, and the circus can all be guilty of the in proper housing of animals. The general public along with the zoo, breeding houses and the circus do not see anything wrong with the showcasing of animals but the showcasing is not at the core of what upsets the activist. The argument is that animals are being treated and housed unfairly and immorally for profit or amusement. Governments and a lot of organizations have taken action against the in proper housing and treatment of animals. Law enforcement units have been made to protect and ensure animal safety but still Animal activist feel it’s not enough. Animal activist feel the best way ethically to make a difference would be to give animals the same rights as humans. Which brings us back to the main topic: Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? The arguments against animal rights center on whether animals behave morally, because rights only have a meaning within a moral community. And as animals don’t behave in a moral way they don’t deserve moral treatment from other beings. It is said that animals usually behave selfishly, and look after their own interests, while humans will often help others, even if this is to their own disadvantage. Some feel Animals don’t display these characteristics and therefore is not a member of a â€Å"moral community†. Some people enjoy eating meat and fish, and so face a conflict between animal and human interests. The act of killing animals for food is trivial because humans do not need to eat meat in order to survive. So should the human interest to eat meat be satisfied at the expense of the animals? Moral behavior comes into play when asking this question. To the people that argue animals don’t behave morally therefore they don’t deserve rights, I ask this. If we behave in an immoral manner do we deserve our rights? The view that animals were put on this earth to serve human’s comes originally from the Bible, but probably reflects a basic human attitude towards other species. It was for these reasons that the Animal Welfare Act was put in to place. The Act is an overhaul of pet abuse laws and came into force in England and Wales in 2007. The act was the first review of pet laws in 94 years. It replaced the Protection of Animals Act, first passed in 1911 and designed to prevent outright cruelty to animals. The animal welfare act combined more than 20 pieces of legislation in to one. The act introduced harsher penalties for neglect and cruelty, including fines at up to 20,000, a maximum jail term of 51 weeks and a lifetime ban of some people keeping pets. It also rose the age of buying a pet from 12 to 16 years old. Although the act banned mutation for cosmetic reasons such as docking (cutting or removal) of the tail the exception was made for â€Å"working† dogs’ such as those in the police or armed forces. It also allowed such practices as castrating, spaying cats and dogs and ear tagging which were not made illegal. This act has forced people to acknowledge that animals do have rights. In closing, I feel animals deserve more than the rights they have and that we might not deserve all the options and liberties we are granted. It is ethical to treat others as you would like to be treated, should this statement only be meant for man. I think this comes down to knowing what is right or wrong but by saying that I can only consider my view as what is right, which could be viewed by others as wrong. I present this conclusion; â€Å"When hunting becomes a sport instead of a survival skill, it is wrong. When one animal is considered better than another that is wrong’. When any life is taken out of neglect, spite, hobby or abuse, Animal or human, ethically and morally, we can agree, without bias is â€Å"wrong†. How to cite Animal Rights and Ethics, Papers

Conflict Cannot Be Resolved with Violence Essay Sample free essay sample

Alhamdulillah. foremost of all I would wish to thank to ALLAH as eventually Is were able to complete my assignment that have been given by Mr. Anthony Gerard’s lector. This undertaking had been done with my ain with the reseach in the cyberspace and few books eventhough a small spot job were happened while making this assignment. Luckily. all the jobs can be settel down and i were able to accommodate decently and sagely. Besides that. large thank we address to our Management Kapton Anuar and our Supervisor Suhaila because without they guide and give the particular book for pupils by faculty to read and analyze. my assignment can non be done decently like this and in intent to bring forth a good result from book that been studied. On the other manus. large thank besides to my lector Mr. Anthony Gerard’s that ever teach me and steer me to understand the things that should be know while analyzing organisational behavior and besides in bring forthing good explaination about it. Finally. thank to my beloved friend that ever give a batch of benefits to me. Million thank besides one wish to all my schoolmate because they besides help me in making our assignment and they ever give me thoughts and remarks on our assignment so that I can better my assignment in many ways. Definition of struggleConflict means to collide with person. something is a battle or dissension between two people or groups that different in attitudes. beliefs. values or demands. through which the parties involved perceive a menace to their demands. involvements or concerns. It can besides arise from past competitions and personality differences. Other causes of struggle include seeking to negociate before the timing is right or at a clip before the needed information is available. An illustration of struggle is to differ with person over opposite sentiments or is an statement over parenting manners. Conflicts can be cognitive. affectional. or a blend of both. A definition of struggle involves contending. war. trade trade stoppage and so on. For others. it may be a difference in sentiment. position or personality. From the above definition. it is obvious that a struggle has the undermentioned constituents: A struggle is more than merely a dissension. It is a state of affairs in which people perceive a menace ( physical. emotional. power. position. etc. ) to their wellbeing A struggle is caused by the differences and clang of personalities – attitudes. beliefs. values and demands. A struggle arises when people try to do others alter their actions or to derive an unjust advantage.A struggle arises when one party refuses to accept the fact that the other party holds something as a value instead than a penchant.Participants in struggles tend to react on the footing of their perceptual experiences of the state of affairs. instead than an nonsubjective reappraisal of it.Creative problem-solving schemes are indispensable to positive attacks to conflict direction. Types of struggleHere is a speedy list of the most common types of struggle. There are: Mutuality Conflicts. A person’s occupation depends on person else’s cooperation. end product or input. A authoritative illustration is when a sales representative is invariably late in uploading monthly gross revenues figures to the computing machine system and that may in bend cause the comptroller to be late with her ain studies. Differences in Style. Peoples have different manners when making their work. For illustration. one individual may be really task oriented and may merely desire to acquire the work done rapidly. Others may be more concerned with holding it done in a really artistic manner or some may even desire to include other people in the undertaking. Differences in Background/Gender. Conflicts may originate between people because of differences in educational backgrounds. personal experiences. cultural heritage. gender or political penchants. Differences in Leadership. Leaders themselves have different manners – some may be more unfastened and authorising while others may be more direct and dictatorial. It can be disputing for squad members when the move from one squad to another to travel to the different leading ‘tune’ . Differences in Personality. This type of struggle is frequently the most ambitious. It is fueled by emotions and perceptual experiences about others’ motivations and character. A perceptual experience of one working harder than the other. One individual faulting another for past errors.Rebellious green-eyed monster because it looks like you are playing favourites. Not happy or thinks it’s unfair with the type of work assigned to them. Personality clang. For illustration. a systematic vs. unorganised attack to the occupation. or a sensitive individual vs. insensitive individual. Disagreements – one individual feels it should be done one manner. and another feels it should be done another manner. This could be based on thoughts. ends. procedure disagreements. etc. Inappropriate frock for work. It might be excessively telling or unprofessional. Personal hygiene. Problem if struggles are non resolved instantly As directors. we need to be cognizant of how conflict arises and how to pull off struggle. If unhealthy struggle is allowed to develop. the spin off effects can ensue in permanent harm to relationships and the concern. Conflict usually involves opposing positions on one or more of the followers: Conflict direction implemented within a concern environment normally involves effectual communicating. job deciding abilities and good negotiating accomplishments to reconstruct the focal point to the company’s overall ends. A struggle taking topographic point in the workplace that tends to affect different degrees of emotional engagement than other struggles. Within this simple definition there are several of import apprehensions that emerge: Disagreement – Generally. we are cognizant there is some degree of difference in the places of the two ( or more ) parties involved in the struggle. But the true dissension versus the sensed dissension may be rather different from one another. In fact. struggle tends to be accompanied by important degrees of misconstruing that exaggerate the sensed dissension well. If we can understand the true countries of dissension. this will assist us work out the right jobs and pull off the true demands of the parties. Parties involved – There are frequently disparities in our sense of who is involved in the struggle. Sometimes. people are surprised to larn they are a party to the struggle. while other times we are shocked to larn we are non included in the dissension. On many occasions. people who are seen as portion of the societal system ( e. g. . work squad. household. company ) are influenced to take part in the difference. whether they would personally specify the state of affairs in that manner or non. In the above illustration. people really readily â€Å"take sides† based upon current perceptual experiences of the issues. past issues and relationships. functions within the organisation. and other factors. The parties involved can go an elusive construct to specify. Perceived menace – People respond to the perceived menace. instead than the true menace. confronting them. Therefore. while perceptual experience doesn’t become world per Se. people’s behaviours. feelings and ongoing responses become modified by that germinating sense of the menace they confront. If we can work to understand the true menace ( issues ) and develop schemes ( solutions ) that manage it ( understanding ) . we are moving constructively to pull off the struggle. Needs. involvements or concerns – There is a inclination to narrowly specify â€Å"the problem† as one of substance. undertaking. and near-term viability. However. workplace struggles tend to be far more complex than that. for they involve ongoing relationships with complex. emotional constituents. Simply stated. there are ever procedural demands and psychological demands to be addressed within the struggle. in add-on to the substantial demands that are by and large presented. And the lastingness of the involvements and concerns of the parties transcends the immediate presenting state of affairs. Any attempts to decide struggles efficaciously must take these points into history. So. is it still a simple definition of struggle? We think so. but we must esteem that within its elegant simpleness lies a complex set of issues to turn to. Therefore. it is non surprising that satisfactory declaration of most struggles can turn out so ambitious and clip devouring to turn to. Conflicts occur when people ( or other parties ) perceive that. as a effect of a dissension. there is a menace to their demands. involvements or concerns. Although struggle is a normal portion of organisation life. supplying legion chances for growing through improved apprehension and penetration. there is a inclination to see struggle as a negative experience caused by abnormally hard fortunes. Disputants tend to comprehend limited options and finite resources available in seeking solutions. instead than multiple possibilities that may be ‘outside the box’ in which we are problem-solving. Conflict Resolution Menu About ConflictWhat is Conflict? Definitions and Premises About Conflict Conflict is Normal: Anticipating Conflicts Likely to Originate in the Workplace Conflict Styles and Their ConsequencesHow we Respond to Conflict: Ideas. Feelingss. and Physical Responses The Role of Perceptions in ConflictWhy do we be given to avoid covering with Conflict? A few points are deserving repeating before proceeding: A struggle is more than a mere dissension – it is a state of affairs in which people perceive a menace ( physical. emotional. power. position. etc. ) to their wellbeing. As such. it is a meaningful experience in people’s lives. non to be shrugged off by a mere. â€Å"it will pass†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Participants in struggles tend to react on the footing of their perceptual experiences of the state of affairs. instead than an nonsubjective reappraisal of it. As such. people filter their perceptual experiences ( and reactions ) through their values. civilization. beliefs. information. experience. gender. and other variables. Conflict responses are both filled with thoughts and feelings that can be really strong and powerful ushers to our sense of possible solutions. As in any job. struggles contain substantial. procedural. and psychological dimensions to be negotiated. In order to outdo understand the menace perceived by those engaged in a struggle. we need to see all of these dimensions. Conflicts are normal experiences within the work environment. They are besides. to a big grade. predictable and expectable state of affairss that of course arise as we go about pull offing complex and nerve-racking undertakings in which we are significantly invested. As such. if we develop processs for placing struggles likely to originate. every bit good as systems through which we can constructively pull off struggles. we may be able to detect new chances to transform struggle into a productive acquisition experience. Creative problem-solving schemes are indispensable to positive attacks to conflict direction. We need to transform the state of affairs from one in which it is ‘my manner or the highway’ into one in which we entertain new possibilities that have been otherwise elusive. Return to About Conflict Menu Conflict is Normal: Anticipating Conflicts Likely to Originate in the Workplace Consider your ain work environment for a minute: What are some cardinal beginnings of struggle in our workplace?When do they be given to happen?How do people react to these struggles as they arise?When we solve jobs. make we make so for the minute. or do we set in topographic point systems for turn toing these types of concerns in the hereafter? In reflecting upon your replies to these inquiries. you may get down to understand what we mean by expecting struggles likely to originate in the workplace: Normal. healthy organisations will see their portion of struggle. and workplaces sing a certain sum of disfunction will see it in greater measures. Expecting struggles is utile in either state of affairs for transforming these state of affairss into chances for growing and acquisition. Consider†¦ Are there seasonal extremums in our work load that tend to happen yearly? Chart the happening of such challenges. and see whether they can be managed as a normal period of emphasis and passage. For illustration. a school had a big population of pupils who arrived after long coach drives without breakfast. who tended to get at school ready to contend. The school identified 10 proceedingss at the start of the twenty-four hours to give these pupils a healthy bite. and worked with instructors to draw out pupils who weren’t yet ready for school before they became riotous. After nutrient and a small guidance. pupils entered their schoolrooms in a better frame of head ( and organic structure ) to take part. Do we have channels for showing normal jobs and concerns in a predictable. dependable mode? Staff meeting should be used as a tool for effectual problem-solving in a scope of state of affairss. including awaited struggles. If such channels are perceived by staff as closed. insecure. and non-productive. they will be replaced by chitchat. ‘end runs’ and back-biting. Are there certain factors in the environment that make jobs worse. particularly at times of struggle? Take stock of your procedures for pull offing during nerve-racking times. Look at how phones are routed. noise is managed. client lines are queued. distractions are managed. etc. Often. our response during times of emphasis is to run into less often. because ‘we have no clip to run into. ’ And we continue to make things the manner we’ve been making them. because ‘we have no clip to make new processs. ’ This attack dooms us to reiterate the same mistakes. instead than to larn from the chances. Analyze your systems for pull offing jobs. including dispute declaration systems. and use times of â€Å"harmony† to place procedure betterments that can be implemented in times of emphasis. Return to About Conflict Menu Conflict Styles and Their ConsequencesConflict is frequently best understood by analyzing the effects of assorted behaviours at minutes in clip. These behaviours are usefully categorized harmonizing to struggle manners. Each manner is a manner to run into one’s demands in a difference but may impact other people in different ways. Competing is a manner in which one’s ain demands are advocated over the demands of others. It relies on an aggressive manner of communicating. low respect for future relationships. and the exercising of coercive power. Those utilizing a competitory manner tend to seek control over a treatment. in both substance and land regulations. They fear that loss of such control will ensue in solutions that fail to run into their demands. Competing tends to ensue in responses that increase the degree of menace. Accommodating. besides known as smoothing. is the antonym of viing. Persons utilizing this manner yield their demands to those of others. seeking to be diplomatic. They tend to let the demands of the group to overpower their ain. which may non of all time be stated. as continuing the relationship is seen as most of import. Avoiding is a common response to the negative perceptual experience of struggle. â€Å"Perhaps if we don’t conveying it up. it will blow over. † w e say to ourselves. But. by and large. all that happens is that feelings get shut up up. positions go unsaid. and the struggle suppurating sores until it becomes excessively large to disregard. Like a malignant neoplastic disease that may good hold been cured if treated early. the struggle grows and spreads until it kills the relationship. Because demands and concerns travel unsaid. people are frequently confused. inquiring what went incorrect in a relationship. Compromising is an attack to conflict in which people gain and give in a series of trade-offs. While satisfactory. via media is by and large non fulfilling. We each remain shaped by our single perceptual experiences of our demands and don’t needfully understand the other side really good. We frequently retain a deficiency of trust and avoid risk-taking involved in more collaborative behaviours. Collaborating is the pooling of single demands and ends toward a common end. Often called â€Å"win-win problem-solving. † coaction requires self-asserting communicating and cooperation in order to accomplish a better solution than either person could hold achieved entirely. It offers the opportunity for consens us. the integrating of demands. and the possible to transcend the â€Å"budget of possibilities† that antecedently limited our positions of the struggle. It brings new clip. energy. and thoughts to decide the difference meaningfully By understanding each manner and its effects. we may normalise the consequences of our behaviours in assorted state of affairss. This is non to state. â€Å"Thou shalt collaborate† in a moralizing manner. but to bespeak the expected effects of each attack: If we use a viing manner. we might coerce the others to accept ‘our’ solution. but this credence may be accompanied by fright and bitterness. If we accommodate. the relationship may continue swimmingly. but we may construct up defeats that our demands are traveling unmet. If we compromise. we may experience All right about the result. but still harbor bitternesss in the hereafter. If we collaborate. we may non derive a better solution than a via media might hold yielded. but we are more likely to experience better about our opportunities for future apprehension and good will. And if we avoid discoursing the struggle at all. both parti es may stay clueless about the existent implicit in issues and concerns. merely to be covering with them in the hereafter. If you’d like farther penetrations into the struggle styles you tend to utilize take the Situational Conflict Styles Assessment Exercise on this site. If you have farther inquiries contact us! Tax return to About Conflict Menu How we Respond to Conflict: Ideas. Feelingss. and Physical Responses 1 In add-on to the behavioural responses summarized by the assorted struggle manners. we have emotional. cognitive and physical responses to conflict. These are of import Windowss into our experience during struggle. for they often tell us more about what is the true beginning of menace that we perceive ; by understanding our ideas. feelings and physical responses to conflict. we may acquire better penetrations into the best possible solutions to the state of affairs. Emotional responses: These are the feelings we experience in struggle. runing from choler and fright to desperation and confusion. Emotional responses are frequently misunderstood. as people tend to believe that others feel the same as they do. Thus. differing emotional responses are confounding and. at times. threatening. Cognitive responses: These are our thoughts and ideas about a struggle. frequently present as interior voices or internal perceivers in the thick of a state of affairs. Through sub-vocalization ( i. e. . self-talk ) . we come to understand these cognitive responses. For illustration. we might believe any of the undermentioned things in response to another individual taking a parking topographic point merely as we are ready to park: â€Å"That dork! Who does he believe he is! What a sense of entitlement! † or: â€Å"I admiration if he realizes what he has done. He seems lost in his ain ideas. I hope he is all right. † or: â€Å"What am I supposed to make? Now I’m traveling to be tardily for my meeting†¦ Should I state something to him? What if he gets huffy at me? † Such differing cognitive responses contribute to emotional and behavioural responses. where self-talk can either advance a positive or negative feedback cringle in the state of affairs. Physical responses: These responses can play an of import function in our ability to run into our demands in the struggle. They include heightened emphasis. bodily tenseness. increased sweat. tunnel vision. shoal or accelerated external respiration. sickness. and rapid pulse. These responses are similar to those we experience in high-anxiety state of affairss. and they may be managed through stress direction techniques. Establishing a calmer environment in which emotions can be managed is more likely if the physical response is addressed efficaciously. Return to About Conflict Menu 1 Adapted from Harry Webne-Behrman. The Practice of Facilitation: Pull offing Group Process and Solving Problems. Quorum Books. Greenwood Publishing. 1998. by permission of the writer. All rights reserved. The Role of Perceptions in ConflictAs noted in our basic definition of struggle. we define struggle as a dissension through which the parties involved perceive a menace to their demands. involvements or concerns. One cardinal component of this definition is the thought that each party may hold a different perceptual experience of any given state of affairs. We can expect holding such differences due to a figure of factors that create â€Å"perceptual filters† that act upon our responses to the state of affairs: Culture. race. and ethnicity:2 Our changing cultural backgrounds influence us to keep certain beliefs about the societal construction of our universe. every bit good as the function of struggle in that experience. We may hold learned to value substantive. procedural and psychological demands otherwise as a consequence. therefore act uponing our willingness to prosecute in assorted manners of dialogue and attempts to pull off the struggle Gender and sexuality:3 Men and adult females frequently perceive state of affairss slightly otherwise. based on both their experiences in the universe ( which relates to power and privilege. as do race and ethnicity ) and socialisation forms that reinforce the importance of relationships vs. undertaking. substance vs. procedure. immediateness vs. long-run results. As a consequence. work forces and adult females will frequently near conflictive state of affairss with differing mentalities about the coveted results from the state of affairs. every bit good as the set of possible solutions that may be. Knowledge ( general and situational ) : Parties respond to given struggles on the footing of the cognition they may hold about the issue at manus. This includes situation-specific cognition ( i. e. . â€Å"Do I understand what is traveling on here? † ) and general cognition ( i. e. . â€Å"Have I experienced this type of state of affairs before? † or â€Å"Have I studied about similar state of affairss before? † ) . Such information can act upon the person’s willingness to prosecute in attempts to pull off the struggle. either reenforcing assurance to cover with the quandary or undermining one’s willingness to flexibly see options. Impressions of the Messenger: If the individual sharing the message – the courier – is perceived to be a menace ( powerful. chilling. unknown. etc. ) . this can act upon our responses to the overall state of affairs being experienced. For illustration. if a large scary-looking cat is nearing me quickly. shouting â€Å"Get out of the manner! † I may react otherwise than if a diminutive. unagitated individual would show the same message to me. As good. if I knew either one of them antecedently. I might react otherwise based upon that anterior sense of their credibleness: I am more inclined to listen with regard to person I view as believable than if the message comes from person who lacks credibleness and unity in my head. Previous experiences: Some of us have had profound. important life experiences that continue to act upon our perceptual experiences of current state of affairss. These experiences may hold left us fearful. missing trust. and loath to take hazards. On the other manus. old experiences may hold left us confident. willing to take opportunities and see the unknown. Either manner. we must admit the function of old experiences as elements of our perceptual filter in the current quandary. These factors ( along with others ) conspire to organize the perceptual filters through which we experience conflict. As a consequence. our reactions to the menace and quandary posed by struggle should be anticipated to include variable apprehensions of the state of affairs. This besides means that we can expect that in many struggles there will be important misinterpretation of each other’s perceptual experiences. demands and feelings. These challenges contribute to our emerging sense. during strugg le. that the state of affairs is overpowering and insolvable. As such. they become critical beginnings of possible apprehension. penetration and possibility. Tax return to About Conflict Menu2 Much more can be said about this topic. We have posted an article as an extra resource: â€Å"Managing Intercultural Conflicts Effectively. † by Stella Ting-Toomey. 1994. 3 This subject is good addressed in the Hagiographas of Professor Deborah Tannen. who has focused extensively on gender differences in communicating. Why do we be given to avoid covering with struggle? Prosecuting in duologue and dialogue around struggle is something we tend to near with fright and vacillation. afraid that the conversation will travel worse than the struggle has gone therefore far. All excessively frequently. we talk ourselves out of possible duologue: â€Å"Why should I speak to her? She’ll bite my caput off and non listen to anything I have to state! † OR â€Å"I should speak to him about this job. but possibly it will travel off on itsain. There’s no sense stirring up something that makes us both uncomfortable. † OR â€Å"If I go to him. I’m doing myself vulnerable. No. that’s his duty – he should come to me and inquire me to speak! † Our responses. as celebrated earlier. be given to include behaviours. feelings. ideas and physical responses. If any of these responses indicates stress factors that make us loath to speak things out. we are more inclined to follow the tract of turning away. In add-on. if we have history with the persons involved in this struggle ( i. e. . we’ve tried to negociate with them in the yesteryear. without success ) . it will â€Å"filter† our perceptual experiences of this state of affairs and do us loath to negociate. In add-on. see that our society tends to honor alternate responses to conflict. instead than dialogue: Peoples who sharply pursue their demands. viing instead than join forcesing. are frequently satisfied by others who prefer to suit. Directors and leaders are frequently rewarded for their aggressive. commanding attacks to jobs. instead than taking a more compassionate attack to issues that may look less decisive to the populace or their staffs. In other fortunes. those who raise issues and concerns. even respectfully. are rapidly perceived to be â€Å"problem† clients or staff members†¦ they tend to be avoided and minimized. In any of these attacks. negotiated solutions to struggles are seldom modeled or held in high regard. Finally. we should maintain in head that dialogue requires profound bravery on the portion of all parties: It takes bravery to candidly and clearly joint your demands. and it takes bravery to sit down and listen to your antagonists. It takes bravery to look at your ain function in the difference. and it takes bravery to near others with a sense of empathy. openness and regard for their position. Collaborative attacks to conflict direction necessitate us to prosecute in the minute of duologue in profound and meaningful ways. so it is apprehensible if we tend to avoid such state of affairss until the balance of wisdom tips in favour of dialogue. [ see video cartridge holder on â€Å"Confronting Conflicts† for extra information ( : Windowss media ) ] To decideAimsUnderstanding ConflictsThe Elementss of Workplace ConflictUnderstanding MutualityUnderstanding Common BlameUnderstanding Emotional EngagementUnderstanding Negative ConsequencesThe Conflict Resolution ProcessReaching an AgreementFinalizing the AgreementAfter the AgreementResponse MannersAvoiding ContestsAvoiding Taking SidesLearning from a ConflictDrumhead Class AimsDistinguish between cognitive and affectional struggles.List the four elements of workplace struggle.Define mutuality.Define common incrimination.Define emotional engagement.Describe negative consequences.List the stairss of the struggle declaration procedure.Describe the jobs of making an understanding.Describe the necessary qualities of a concluding understanding.Explain what to make after an understanding.Explain the different response manners to conflict people have. Describe how to avoid competitions.Describe how to avoid taking sides.Describe how a company can larn from struggles. Workplace struggle will happen at times. Normally. it’s the consequence of differring perceptual experiences and methods. where neither party is right or incorrect. Directors need to do certain that these struggles don’t come into the position of clients. If struggle is managed efficaciously and skilfully. cooperation will better. Without effectual struggle direction. you can non trust to better public presentation. cut down emphasis. work out jobs rapidly. enhance teamwork. surrogate creativeness. and increase staff morale. To pull off struggle efficaciously you must be a skilled communicator ; an environment where unfastened communicating is allowed enables employees to discourse and decide work issues. Ask inquiries and concentrate on jobs as perceived. It may be every bit simple as struggles about desk place. air temperature control. public reference volume. or pick of background music. if that is what you have. Here are some points to see: – Acknowledge that a struggle exists. Find out what’s occurrence and be unfastened about the job. Ask both parties at the same clip or you’ll hazard the visual aspect of prefering one or the other. Communication that is clear. direct and honest is of import. – Let them show their positions. Feelingss of choler and ache normally accompany struggle state of affairss. Let employees to show their emotions foremost. so travel on to the job resolution. After the initial discharge. allow quiet treatment prevail. – Define the job. What is the job. and what are the negative facets on work and relationships? Is differing personalities the issue? Sometimes age difference feeds the struggle. Are at that place deeper underlying causes of struggle? – Determine underlying demands. The end is non to happen who is right or incorrect. but to make a solution everybody can populate with. Compromise is the regulation. but sometimes you need to travel beyond that. Look first for demands instead than solutions. Find out why each party is inquiring for their hole to the job. – Find common countries of understanding. Agree on the definition of the job. and what the solution is. and understand the worst frights of the two parties. Some little alterations can be helpful at the beginning to give experience of some success. Identify demands and happen solutions to turn to those demands. Generate multiple options. and determine which actions will be taken. Make certain both sides buy into actions. Silence indicates modesty. intending no understanding. Seek to obtain existent understanding from both sides. A veiled warning about go oning struggle may stifle the fire before it leads to serious actions. – Determine followup you will take to supervise actions. Schedule a follow-up meeting in two hebdomads to find how everybody is making. – What if struggle remains unsolved? Unresolved struggles can be a break in operations. and other avenues may necessitate to be explored. An outside facilitator may be able to cast visible radiation on possible solutions. When struggle becomes a public presentation issue. it may take to training Sessionss. public presentation assessments. or disciplinary action. Anger – Covering with choler. particularly when it is directed to you. can be a challenge. Effective hearing can assist defuse choler. but when it is directed to you. it is hard to react definitively. Ask for staff backup to assist modulate the state of affairs. A individual who is angry demands clip to vent the steam that may hold been constructing for some clip. Show that you are paying attending. The individual needs to cognize that person is truly listening to her point of position. In add-on. the individual needs to experience that you empathize with her and acknowledge that you understand the state of affairs. Be attentive and patient. and the party will go less angry as she expresses herself. Be sincere as you candidly validate the state of affairs doing choler. Finally. be unagitated as you hear sometimes inflammatory remarks in the heat of the minute. Conflict declaration resources ‘ The Conflict Resolution Center Int’l in Pittsburgh. PA is a non-profit organisation advancing non-violent attacks to conflict declaration. They maintain an first-class library on line. and they offer assorted publications for those interested in these issues. Pull offing Conflict is the web page of Douglas Noll. lawyer and conciliator. His thesis is that peacemaking is the best path to follow. The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University trades with academic research into conflict direction. Finally. CaseBreakers specializes in cyberspace based condemnable records and background chec Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. businessdictionary. com/definition/conflict-management. html # ixzz2Jkdl0MVP World Wide Web. toolingu. com/definition-950150-105252-workpla†¦ – United States hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ohrd. wisc. edu/onlinetraining/resolution/aboutwhatisit. htm # whatisconflict

Ebay in China Case Study Essay Example

Ebay in China Case Study Paper 21/11/2011 E-Bay Strategy In China Alliance or Acquisition? Case Study Strategic Management Gabriela Salamonova Barbora Jandova Pierrick Boissel Julien Meunier Alexandre Godet SUMMARY I. The Input Stage ? ? ? ? ? CAGE VRIO Analysis CPM matrix EFE matrix IFE matrix II. The Matching Stage ? ? ? BCG matrix SPACE matrix GSM matrix III. The Decision Stage ? ? Matrix Analysis QSPM matrix IV. Questions ? ? ? ? Assessment of eBay? choice of market entry strategy for China, listing both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy Assessment of the potential benefits and risks of eBay? s joint venture with Tom Online Assessment of both companies: eBay and Tom Online, decisions on their respective percentage of stake Strategic recommendation on International Commercial Strategy for eBay I- The input stage ? C. A. G. E. nalysis Cultural with †¦ Different attitudes in life Different sales practise To prefer local companies Different language, ethnicities, religions, social n orms Best deal is the lowest price Administrative and political Differences in political system Corruption Market Access restrictions Time zone is different Differences in costs and quality of resources Currency problem Imbalanced economic development Differences with payment system Geographic Big distance between China and USA Economic Differences in consumer incomes Distance most affects industries or product †¦ Distance between two countries increases Auction-selling format is not usual for them, because there the prices went up and they used to deal the lowest price Customer confidence have only local and wellknown companies In China, people want to pay by cash a face to face In China are different government restrictions Different ways of functioning market It can leads to For which communication demand varies misunderstanding by income People in China don’t have Credit Cards, so prefer to pay by cash The company have to adjust to local currency This C. A. G. E. nalysis provides us information about differences that can create distance between two countries seeking to do business together. Expanding to China can cause some issues with the different culture and political system. In China are different government restrictions like USA and they can significantly affect the economics. In China can be complicated persuade people to trust international companies, and overcome government regulations and currency problem. For the eBay can be useful adjust more for the local environment, and provide good customer services to attract new customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Ebay in China Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ebay in China Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ebay in China Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But on the other side here can be problems with the system of auction, because Chinese people like face to face purchases and they are used to see the prices decreasing instead of increasing. ? VRIO model After analyzing the external analysis of eBay, the next step is to focus internally at eBays core competencies in order to determine whether those strengths provide them with competitive advantages. In order to define these core competencies as competitive advantages or disadvantages, a VRIO analysis must be used. This technique measures each capability against whether it creates value for the company, it is rare in the industry, it is costly to imitate and if it is exploited by the organization. Which competenci es are likely to contribute to added value in terms of customer needs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Resources / Capabilities Which competenci es are likely to contribute to cost reduction ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Valuabl e Rar e Costl y to Imitat e Exploited by organizatio ns Competitive implications Brand image Customer service Location Product diversificati on Information system Distribution Purchase protection Marketing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Temporary advantage Parity Disadvanta ge Temporary advantage Parity Parity Temporary advantage Parity According to our VRIO analysis the disadvantage for eBay is its location in China because of imbalanced economic and technological development in different regions of China, differences in political system, government regulatio ns and other factors like corruption and currency problems. Information system is analyzed as the parity. The reason is lack of a customer service hotline on eBay? s websites. But on the other side they try to meet needs their customer, e. g. facilitate payment system. eBay? s executives do not adopt the management style to Chinese conditions. For the majority of population was the only option to pay by cash, because of non-users of credit cards. Also there are problems with the system of auction, because Chinese people like face to face purchases and they are used to deal the lowest price and in auction- selling format usually the prices went up. These issues caused the evaluation of marketing and customer service as the parity. E-Bay had adopted various expansion strategies, both locally in the US and globally in new international markets. It builds a brand image in the US as an industry leader and tries to expand to other foreign countries. Additional temporary advantage related to the purchase protection because respondents extremely agreed that eBay did the best job in monitoring and protecting its users from purchasing counterfeit items from its site. ? Competitive Profile Matrix In CPM is important to identify eBay ? s major competitors, their strengths weaknesses in relation to a sample company ? s strategic position. Proposed CPM shows the clear insight to the eBay about its strong and weak points relative to its major competitor – TaoBao. The CPM score is measured on basis of critical success factors, each factor is measured in same scale mean the weight remain same for TaoBao only rating varies. TaoBao was established in May 2003, soon gained the hearts of Chinese consumers and beat eBay EachNet in China? s C2C online auction market. Its service offerings were later extended to include B2C e-commerce. By 2006, the company had become the leading C2C and B2C marketplace in China with a gross merchandise volume of US$2. billion, amounting to a 110% increase from 2005. Unlike eBay EachNet (in 2006) had seen its market share declining each year, until it had only a staggering 29%, compared to TaoBao? s 60%. On the other hand, TaoBao, albeit founded much later than eBay, was a subsidiary of Alibaba which had a more established presence in China. However, given a choice between a new foreign co mpany and a domestic one, Chinese people would opt for the latter. Trust was particularly important in China, due to the lack of an adequate legal system or other formal means of dispute resolution. Critical Success Factors ? ? Market Share – by year 2006 eBay? s market share declined to 29%, in comparison to TaoBao? s 60%, Price – eBay provides services fees – Insertion fee, Optional Features fee, Final Value fee, but to buyers were offered free, in comparison to TaoBao where it was free when they just listed an item, Competitiveness – TaoBao disposes with the people? s trust and history because of subsidiary of Alibaba. Also, Chinese people prefer domestic company more than foreign one. Customer Service – e. g. TaoBao made an important component of its AliPay system – an escrow. It helped ease consumers? concern by introducing thirdparty monitoring throughout the transaction process, eBay introduced it later. Other example can be technical support hotline, Customer Loyalty – eBay had not made much effort in building trust both towards the company itself and between buyers and sellers further exacerbated the problem (linked with previous AliPay). Company need to provide security every step of the way during a sales transaction to ensure that consumers feel comfortable making their purchases. This point discouraged buyers and it resulted into switching to competitors, Management – eBay? s executives hold on US management style, there is a lack of effort in adaptation to Chinese market, also eBay entered China with the assumption that its brand image in the US as an industry leader would transfer to the Chinese market without any modification, Global Expansion – eBay is more extended because of its global presence, TaoBao focus on Chinese market what is in this case competitive advantage because of people? s trust to domestic companies, Website Design – eBay provides opic-specific guidelines and links, both of which are meant for self help, this is considered bad thing by consumers in China where do-it-yourself is not as popular as in Western countries. In comparison to TaoBao, its website design suits more because of loaded with ? ? ? ? ? ? information, links, graphics, banners and multimedia. Chinese people also appreciate a customer service and tech nical support hotline. In conclusion, we would like to emphasize the last one line in CPM – total weighted score. It is the sum of all weighted score in both cases. E-Bay? s total weighted score is equal to 2. 6. Since it is below the average (2,5) the company is consider as weak. On the other hand TaoBao? s total weighted score is equal to 3. 41. Since it is higher than 2. 5 the company is consider as strong in position, the winner among its competitor eBay. ? IFE matrix ? EFE matrix ? IE matrix To comment this matrix, we can say that Ebay is situated in the Grow and Build part of the matrix. So strategies which could be implemented are market penetration, market development, product development, backward integration, forward integration, horizontal integration. II. The Matching Stage ? BCG matrix: High E-tailing: eBay should develop and invest on this SBU Market growth rate Low Online Auc ons: Leader on this SBU / Great future prospects (Asia /BRICS) eBay should con nue to exploit this SBU and stay the leader on it. 2 1,5 1 Rela ve market show 0,5 0,1 ? Space matrix: FS Conserva ve +6 +5 Aggressive 4. 4 +4 +3 +2 CA -6 -5 -4 -3 +1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 IS 4. 6 -2,6 -3 Defensive -5 Compe -6 ve ES We can deduce from the matrix that: Bay has an Aggressive strategy, defended by a strong financial capacity, which allows them to tackle competitors not only when they penetrate the market but also when they are established (by kicking them out). The firm evolves in a really competitive environment (with only a few barriers to entry), in which they will still have to improve their situation, particularly in emerging markets, such as e-tailing. ? GSM matrix Ebay is in Quadrant II because its competitive position is weak and there is a h igh market growth. Consequently, different strategies are available for Ebay in China as the horizontal or vertical integration, the market penetration, the divestiture †¦ III. The decision stage ? Matrix Analysis To conclude, we can say that Ebay can establish four main strategies in China: Market penetration, market development, product development and horizontal integration. ? QSPM matrix To conclude, we can see that it could be better for E-bay to organize an alliance with Tom Online because of the opportunities engendered. IV. Questions Introduction E-Bay Inc. a US company providing e-commerce, e-payments and internet communication services globally – in 35 global markets across North and Latin America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. By the end of 2006, e-Bay was boasting 14% market share in the e-commerce market. 1. Critically assess eBay? s choice of market entry strategy for China, listing both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy E-Bay first entered the Chinese m arket in 2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local counterpart, EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a year later in 2003. By its businesses in online sectors reduces its business risks tremendously because of absence of any tangible assets and gives the opportunity to provide infinite number of transactions. ? Entering the BRICs market In terms of long-term action in global market it was valuable to entry the other market of countries famous as BRICs, which are deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. Chinese market was for e-Bay the second Asian destination after Japan, currently third because of expansion to India. First impressions of acquisition The acquisition proved to be a success. By 2003, EachNet had already commanded 85% market share. Its value had grown almost two and a half times, from US$90 million in 2002 to US$225 million in 2003, and its revenues were recorded at US$1. 8 million equivalent to a ten-fold annual growth rate. ? Researches of e-commerce perspective Market entry strategy focused on bringing something new, specific terminology is ? be-first-or-no thing? strategy. Bay aimed to obtain markets with great potential for e-commerce proved by researches giving perspective results in China, undoubtedly the researches are most important when the company entering a new foreign market. ? Creation alliances Trust We can positively evaluate the creation of alliances with the top three Chinese internet portals Sina, Sohu and NetEase for better visibility in the market. Despite this, eBay had to struggle with distrust coming from Chinese people because it had not made much effort in building trust. Chinese people at first did not trust to new foreign US provider of e-commerce services. They used to be in direct interaction with sellers until they received the purchase, because they felt uncertain about paying. ? Localising websites and modification E-Bay entered China with the assumption that its brand image in the US as an industry leader would transfer to the Chinese market without any modification. eBay had done a good job in localising its websites. Creating market-specific websites in local languages and 4 currencies and providing location-specific information, among other things. It also attempted to protect its brand image worldwide. Design of websites E-Bay used a similarly simple interface, emphasised automation throughout the auction and transaction processes. Also has allocated the section for frequent answered questions and provided topic-specific guidelines, both of which were meant for self help. Unfortunately Chinese people did not appreciate it, because the ? do-ityourself? system was not so popular customers considered it as s bad service. The adva ntages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy Advantages China has immense market potential because all around the world are 1,23 billion Chinese language speakers. In China growing prosperity, technological advances. There is more liberal attitude by the Chinese authorities, what means the internet is becoming an easier and more popular place to do business. In China increase popularity of e-commerce. As more and more Chinese consumers had access to the internet and began to buy online. By February 2000, just six months after its start, EachNet had over 220,000 registered users simultaneously holding more than 20,000 auctions each day Acquisition of EachNet. It was Chinas first online auction website with rich business knowledge, strong domestic and international experience, and well-thought business strategies. EachNet was able to win financial backing from several large venture capital companies in the US In China retailers offer products seldom online and people could shop everything in the comfort of their own home. EBay EachNet was also the largest online advertiser in China. Its performance was remarkable, and by the end of 2003, the number of registered users on EachNet had reached 4. 3 million, amounting to nearly a 95% increase from its 2000 level. Disadvantages In China could be problems with slow internet speeds, high internet access costs, imbalanced economic and technological development in different regions of China, the absence of a reliable credit system for online payment, government regulations and other factors like corruption, currency problems. Auction-selling format might have discouraged some consumers from shopping on EachNet. In China, retailers and customer would haggle over almost anything in order to get the best deal, and the best usually meant the lowest price they could have. Thus, an auction-selling format where prices only went up might have seemed bizarre to most Chinese consumers. Emerging competitors TaoBao (Alibaba subsidiary). EBay EachNet faced the obstacle of increasing competition from local market rivals. By the end of 2006 eBay EachNet had its market share only a staggering 29%, compared to TaoBaos 60%. Big disadvantage was short history of eBay. The eBay was as a foreign company founded in 1995 with less than ten years of history when it first set foot in the Chinese market in 2002. So it was as fairly new to Chinese consumers. TaoBao was founded much later than eBay, but n the other hand it was a subsidiary of Alibaba which had a more established presence in China. The eBay used online payment system PayPal and it did not incorporate an escrow into this system. But on the other hand competitor TaoBao, made it an important component of its AliPay system. An escrow helped ease consumers concern by introducing third-party monitoring throughout the transaction process. And in this way eBay lost some customer. 2. Assess the potential benefits and risks of eBay? joint venture with Tom Online The joint venture formed by E-Bay EachNet and Tom Online presents some benefits as well as some risks. Benefits ? Knowledge of the Chinese market Tom Online has a strong knowledge of the Chinese market which is that E-Bay is looking for in order to gain market share and notoriety on the Chinese market. And as we said earlier, in order to tackle the Chinese market companies need a partner in order to have the political acces s, and Tom Online political connection could be very helpful for E-Bay success in China. Tom Online = a famous brand in China The first benefit we can find is that TOM Online is a Chinese domestic brand, which is much better for consumers of China. In fact Chinese consumers mostly like well know Chinese brands even in the Internet. Tom Online is a well know company in China, leader in sphere of mobile value-added services, and its internet portal, www. tom. com, is one of the biggest and most popular in China. This brand is recognized throughout China and the internet. ? Knowledge of telecommunication services One of the problems of E-bay EachNet was the communication and telecommunication services. Tom Online has a good experience in cooperation with Skype and the result was pretty good. Tom Online succeed with Skype and it has the knowledge to present new product in the market and how to increase its market share. Moreover, this joint venture allowed E-bay to enter the mobile commerce market, their users could participate in online auctions using their mobile phone, PDA, etc, a sector in which Tom Online had been a market leader Risks ? Devaluation of E-bay image Risks on this joint venture exist for E-Bay. In fact there is a risk of devaluation of the E-Bay Brand in the Chinese market because customers will be focus on the Tom Online and/or EachNet brand, product and services. ? Financial risk Also there is a financial risk. E-Bay can lose some money because Tom Online has 2% bigger ownership, but in amount of money, E-Bay invests two times more than Tom Online, and the success will depends more of Tom Online company than E-Bay work. ? Difference of targeted customers Also a last risk could be the target of E-Bay and Tom Online. Tom Online is focused on mobile value-added services and their target audience is generally young consumers, but E-Bay target audience is a little older. ? Culture difference E-Bay is an American company, different than the Chinese in the way of thinking and doing things. This might causes E-bay a hard time adjusting to the Chinese market needs, and trust issue (even though they tried to resolve it by owning only 49% of the company). 3. eBay will have a 49% stake in the new joint venture while Tom Online will have 51% ownership. Critically assess both companies, decisions on their respective percentage of take. In December 2006, eBay Inc. , announced its plan to form a joint venture with Chinabased online portal and wireless operator, TOM Online, that would give each company 49% and 51% ownership respectively. This was eBay’s third strategic move in China, following its acquisition of a 33% stake in domestic counterpart EachNet in 2002 that marked its entry into the market, and a full acquisition in 2003. Despite the initial good results, eBay had been losing market share to local rival and Alibaba’s fully-owned subsidiary—TaoBao. By 2006, eBay had seen its market share drop from a high of 85% to a staggering 29%, while TaoBao’s continued to increase, reaching 60%. The joint venture was therefore an attempt by eBay to save its failing Chinese operations. The move also reflected the increasing difficulties foreign internet companies were facing in China because of fierce competition and a changing market environment. eBay believed that it would benefit from TOM Online’s local knowledge and political connections. The first thing we can say about E-Bay EachNet and Tom Online’s joint venture is that is a success. Although E-Bay is a big company and success in US and around the world, China is a particular market where the better can lose. E-Bay had some difficulties to launch its business due to the cultural differences and moral values. Chinese people are more ? nationalist? and still trust their own companies more and respect them. The good thing for E-Bay is that Tom Online is a successful company with a good reputation on the Chinese market. Their activity area is also not far from E-Bay’s mainly internet and other IT services, and mobile entertainment. Tom Online known also a business expansion and cooperation with Skype, and today they also know a decrease in revenues so joint venture also was an opportunity for them. But we can ask us about the percentage of the participation. Why the participation is 49% for E-Bay and 51% for Tom Online? And also why E-Bay invests more than Tom Online? And why does the E-Bay brand disappear on the Joint Venture (Tom EachNet)? We can try to explain this situation thanks to several factors. About the brand we know that Chinese trust more in a local brand. That why E-Bay not appears on the joint venture name. E-Bay prefers having two well known local brands (Tom and EachNet). Also in this joint venture, Tom Online invest US $ 20 million and brings the knowledge of the local market, the technology and the brand value, which could be more important than money in order to tackle a market. Moreover TOM Online has very important persons among their shareholders. This joint venture would open a whole new market segment for both – E-Bay and also TOM Online, allowing them to fulfil and widen significantly together. Why not launching E-Bay in the mobile world? As we said before, China is a difficult market to tackle and launch a sustainable company on this market is a hard work. But this market gives the opportunity of customers which could increase the revenues (approximately US $ 1. 5 billion). The stacks are so important for E-Bay and Tom Online that the Tom EachNet joint venture was a good answer for their difficulties in China. 4. Strategic recommendation on International Commercial Strategy for eBay One of the first recommendations for eBay’s growth would be to maintain global growth initiative (China and India). The number of internet user is increasing in those countries. The difficulties for eBay are to success the integration of the Chinese market. Indeed, the eBay’s image brand in China is critical by Chinese people. They explain that eBay is not trustee website, the direct competitor TaoBao has free services. Moreover others problems are the difficulties to integrate the Chinese market due to the different laws, rules, or the control of internet by the Chinese government. The second recommendations would concern the electronic innovation. For example, the interface of the website could adapt to the difference of culture of the market targeted, the website should be more secured to keep or have a trustee image†¦ The third thing would be to set up new services or new application. For example, the e-tailing could be a good service. E-tailing is synonymous with business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction, and it is the selling of retail goods on the Internet. The last recommendation would be the reinforcing the marketing and the fact to keep a step ahead towards the competitors. The different recommendations on International Commercial Strategy for E-bay could be: ? Maintain global growth initiative: ? Alliances ? New markets (develop India and China) ? New products ? Keep different cultures in mind ? Technological development: ? Rapid application development (software for new and existing market areas, e-tailing) ? Security: ? Back-up systems ? Online verifications of electronics goods ? Enhance trustee service ? Online banking protocols ? Enhance back-end ? Reinforcing marketing: ? Improve and maintain their image brand ? Global branding to make eBay generic brand with online auctions and etailing ? Step ahead: ? Identify and analyze global trends ? Innovative products and interface

Social Life in Australia essays

Social Life in Australia essays On the 1st of January 1901 Australia began its Federation in all colonies, which joined the many colonies together into one nation. It was one of the biggest and most important and historical event that has occurred in Australia. Life back then was different a lot different than it is today, the buildings, transport, politics, and attitudes towards the aborigines. The living and working conditions from 1900 to 1914 depended on which social class you belong to. There were three different classes, the upper class in which consists of the rich people who owned lots of acres of land and owned large business, the middle class, people who earn a substantial amount of money - usually shopkeepers or those who have a professional job. There is also the working class, which is the lowest class the people that belong to this class usually works for a boss the majority of the people belonged to this class. The people that belong to this class make little money and had a small choice of leisure activities. Eight-hour day movement was used in factories and the workers usually worked from 8a.m till 6p.m with 1 hour of dinner. Wages were minimal and if the workers complained about them they were sacked. Most workers were expected to work until the age of 65 years without any extra benefits. Most people in major cities worked in factories and there were over 10,000 factories. It was a harsh environment as in the summer the temperature can reach well over 40 degrees Celsius and the factory owners treated them little better than slaves. Factories were usually an unsafe workplace as well and inspections were made every now and then and if the workplace was unsafe, there is a fine of approximately 1 shilling. The bosses simply ignored this and paid the fines. If workers were asked to go overtime, there is no increased pay and if they refused to do extra work they would get sacked. Some workers had to walk 5km to get home after working. In 1901 ne...

PERSPECTIVE PAPER MEXICAN WAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PERSPECTIVE PAPER MEXICAN WAR - Essay Example The population nearly tripled in less than half a century! And, with the high volume of immigration coupled with the need for larger families to sustain farms, this trend will likely continue at a more rapid pace. Acquiring land from Mexico would greatly help with this problem, by giving more land for our growing population to live in. Secondly, because of the harsh economic conditions that many in this country have faced, frontier land offers new possibilities. The economic depressions suffered by this country in 1819 and again in 1837 left many with next to nothing. Westward expansion offers a fresh start for such people. The reason for this is that frontier land costs very little, and in some cases, is free. This means that many people who could never have the means to become landowners presently may now have the chance. This is important, since landownership signifies wealth, power, and independence. At the same time, westward expansion opens the opportunity for new forms of commerce. A struggling craftsman on the East coast must deal with the competition of other craftsmen of the same trade. Place this same craftsman out west, and he may find that while need for his craft has not changed, he is experiencing little to no competition from rival craftsmen. He may even end up with more customers than he can handl e. Imagine the riches! Also, merchants who relocated out West will open West coast ports. This will allow trade between the United States and Pacific countries, making our nation even more prosperous. Lastly, it is our duty to spread democracy to the world. Democracy is God's plan for the world. And, seeing as how the United States is the perfect embodiment of God's plan, who better than us to spread democracy far and wide To not spread democracy to these unfortunate people who no nothing of the joys of democracy would be a sin. We must open their eyes and show them that this is the best way of life. We can begin to fill this duty by acquiring Mexican land and extending democracy to those who happen to inhabit it. As you can see, the desire of land acquisition is not solely a selfish one. I hope I have done my part to persuade you. We must declare war on Mexico in order to further the prosperity of this great country. I am afraid that without expansion, this country will never recognize its full potential. And, in the end, the acquisition of Mexican territory is what's best for everyone involved, both Americans and Mexicans. Thank you for your time, Sincerely, Good job of giving three reasons for the importance of territorial expansion - Might have specifically mentioned California and its potential May 2, 1846 Mr. President, I am writing you in hopes that this letter will aid you in your decision as to whether or not to declare war on Mexico. This is something that I believe very strongly in. I feel that a declaration of war is entirely unnecessary, and in fact could prove disastrous for this nation. First of all, I believe that expanding this nation would prove to weaken democracy. Ours is an experimental government and therefore, its boundaries are unknown. Our nation seems to be running smoothly at its present state, so why tempt fate It is my strong belief that the reason our government works so well is because this country is relatively small and the government is close to the people.

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) - Essay Example This prestigious status granted to the upper class was known as the encomienda, and they would organize the natives to makeup a soldier battalion for the king, which would in turn be used to fight against other subsequent invaders such as the Dutch and the Britons. However, those granted this state misused it, and eventually the system of governance was abolished by 1700, with an introduction of the administrative provinces, which were then administered by the provincial governors, selected amongst the colonists (Meyer, 33). The church also played a major role in the administration of the colony, through managing the sentiments of the inhabitants, and the powers of the church leaders, also referred to as the friars, were even greater than those of the governor responsible for governing an administrative province. The major characteristic of the Spanish governance in the colony was the establishment of a plaza in every city, which formed the administrative center, where the government , the church and the market area were located, while the residential areas then surrounded the administrative center (Burrell, 112). ... Taxation was a requirement for the residents of the colony, who had to pay a tribute that consisted of the tax to the government and a certain percentage as tithe to the church. Forced labor was the other aspect that was introduced into the Philippines colony, where the residents had to provide 40 days of community labor, which was eventually reduced to 15 days in 1884, for all peoples aged 16 to 60 years (Burrell, 72). However, the forced labor system created a corruption avenue for the encomienda, who would ask for a bribe in exchange for absentia to the mandatory communal work. It is both the abuse of power by the religious orders and the abuse of power by the encomienda that led to the Philippine revolution of 1898, which brought the end of the colonization of the Philippines by the Spanish Empire. The formation of the rebel groups in readiness for the revolution started in 1896, and by the December of 1897, the rebel groups had spread throughout all the provinces and caused a ma jor stalemate with the provincial governments, making it hard for the governments to undertake their administrative roles (Burgan, 64). The ability of the Spanish to resist the rebels was weakened by the breakout of the Spanish-American war in 1898, which forced the Spanish to enter into a treaty with the Americans to sell the Philippines colony to America at $20 million, as well as turn in Guam and Puerto Rico, thus formerly ending the Spanish rule of the Philippines (Burrell, 98). On the other hand the patriot Filipinos had taken the acquisition of much of the territory, and declared the independence of First Philippine Republic in July 1898, but the American

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Assignment

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs - Assignment Example CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Needs Two learning interventions will be chosen for this study, beneficial for accomplishing set goals or objectives. Justification of methods would be provided along with reasons for eradicating other alternatives. Learning intervention design shall also be incorporated in the study that could effectively meet learning and development needs. Learning and development needs are an important component which helps in improving overall organizational performance. Tesco Plc is a multinational general merchandize and grocery retailer having its headquarters in United Kingdom. On the basis of revenue margins, the firm is the second largest retailer across the globe. Tesco has about 6784 retail stores and has an employee base of approximately 500,000. There are some business subsidiaries of Tesco Plc such as Tesco Stores, Tesco Bank, Tesco Mobile, Dobbies Garden Centers, Tesco Ireland, Dunnhumby and Giraffe restaurants. The company has diversified into wide array of geographical regions. Learning and development strategy is adopted by the company and is inclined towards enhancing knowledge base and skills of employees. Training sessions are organized for employees in specific time interval. Employee retention policies are based on career development approach, performance based pay and encouraging team members to contribute their innovative ideas. Performance management policy forms an essential part of organizational functions.

Postmodernism in Amélie (2001)

Postmodernism in Amà ©lie (2001) With reference to key theories studied on the module and one of the films from the given list, critically analyse the image system of the film, and the ways in which supports to convey specific meanings. You must comment on the way in which the narrative, meaning and mood are supported by the formal elements, and draw connections with the relevant historical, cultural and genre contexts. My essay will argue that the image system of Amà ©lie (2001) and the post-modern style adapted by Jean Pierre Jeunet, was one of the key aspects which lead to the film’s huge success worldwide. I intend to explore how the levels of realism and formal elements within the film, develop the narrative and mood, with reference to historical developments in French film and critical viewpoints. To clarify, when I say foreign film, I am referencing the films which are foreign to Hollywood and the other predominant production companies in western culture. The film Le fabuleux destin dAmà ©lie Poulain was highly successful not only in France, but around the world, with a Domestic Total Gross of $33,225,499. It was also nominated for five academy awards including Best Foreign Film (Box Office Mojo). The film has a very distinct â€Å"look† derived from its image system and form, which has become part of French director Jean-Pierre Jeunet’s auteuristic style. He has been described by Eisenreich (2004) as â€Å"the national filmmaker who develops the richest visual world, combined with a technical mastery and artistic sense†. There are many critical essays and reviews written on the stem of Amà ©lie’s success in the mainstream film industry, many putting it down to the feel-good nature of the narrative, others suggesting it was the unique cinematography and mise en scene. Elizabeth Ezra (2008) states that Jean Pierre Jeunet, as an auteur, has a highly postmodern style. I am inclined to agree with this point, as Amà ©lie is such a stylised film that the viewer is rarely emerged completely in the film. The audience is always aware that they are in fact watching a carefully structured and composed piece of work. According to Braudy and Cohen (1999) postmodern cinema is a deliberate mixing of different genres and film styles, pastiche and exposing the nature of a constructed text. As filmmakers, such as Jean Pierre Jeunet, are becoming increasingly aware of their audience’s active role in viewing their films, they have begun to use the conventions of postmodern cinema to their advantage. An example of a postmodern device often used in Amà ©lie is â€Å"breaking the fourth wall† where the character directly addresses the viewer. Amà ©lie looks directly at the camera in many close-up shots. These shots are carefully composed and use a wide lens, creating more depth in the frame. This also distorts her already elfish face, emphasizing her large eyes with an expression that includes the audience in whatever joke or feeling she is experiencing. This technique is an easy way for Jeunet to emphasise her role in the narrative and engage the audience so that she is a sympathetic character to the viewer. As well as the distinct postmodern style, Jeunet seems to take inspiration from older film techniques. In Rà ©mi Fournier Lanzoni’s book French Cinema: From its Beginnings to the Present (2002) it is noted that the locations and characters in Amà ©lie are highly reminiscent of Poetic Realism films, a movement of French cinema in the 1930s that combined â€Å"naturalism and lyrical stylization† (Lanzoni 2002). The majority of the film was shot on location in the centre of Paris; however, unattractive aspects such as graffiti and rubbish bins were digitally removed in post-production. Using this technique meant that even the real modern Paris resembled the poetic-realist sets of the 30s. In my opinion, this approach makes the film feel removed from any particular timeframe, as if it is an ecosystem unaffected by the concerns of the wider world. This also means that it is strongly juxtaposed with the gritty realism of social dramas set in Paris made at a similar time, su ch as Mathieu Kassovitz’s â€Å"La Haine† (1995). Steinberg (2001) argues that this makes Amà ©lie seem highly unrealistic, saying â€Å"Jeunet’s Paris is a thoroughly sanitised version of the real thing; clean, free from honking cars, tourists, foreigners and other complications. Even the beggars are happy in such an idyllic Paris† Adding to the slightly surreal version of Paris created by Jeunet is the bold colour palette, the most dominant colours being red and green, often complemented by yellow. These colours create a very warm and positive tone to the film, as they seem to emulate old footage and perhaps evoke a nostalgic response from the viewer. This again distances the film from modern day, despite the use of modern day technology. The colour red could also be recognised as a motif in the film, as it is present in almost every scene; Amà ©lie’s clothes, the garden gnome’s hat, the flowers and tables in the cafe as well as many other objects. Jeunet also uses black and white when providing flashbacks, such as Bretodeau’s memories conjured by the treasure Amà ©lie leaves him. This may have been done simply so that it would fit with the archive footage of the Tour de France; however I believe that it also provides a contrast with the bright bold colours in the rest of the film. Stanley Cavell proposed that in cinema, often, black and white represents reality whereas bright colour portrays fantasy (Cavell 1979). In Amà ©lie, the narrative is focused on the main character; therefore the abnormal colours used could be seen as representative of her highly imaginative and playful outlook on life. This also suggests that the reality which the viewer is witnessing may perhaps be entirely constructed from Amà ©lie’s imagination. Ben-Shaul (2007) explains that some films attempt to make their simulacrum so believable that it is â€Å"invisible†, so that the characters and situation are the primary focus for the viewer. Others use an obvious range of cinematic techniques to replicate a certain type of reality the filmmaker wants the audience to experience. As previously mentioned, the mise en scene of Amà ©lie seems to be a product of Amà ©lie’s imagination; this means that the film becomes somewhat hyper-realistic. Baudrillard’s theory of â€Å"Hyperreality† (1994) describes when a film blends both reality and fantasy together so seamlessly that it is hard to tell what is real and what is not. I think that this is an essential theory to consider when understanding Amà ©lie, as some parts of the film which might be taken literally, may perhaps be figments of her imagination. However, many aspects of the film show very obvious uses of CGI, such as the imaginary crocodile that Amà ©lie plays with as a child. There are many comical moments in the film, for instance Amà ©lie quite literally breaking down into tears after not plucking up the courage to speak to Nino. There are also more serious uses of special effects, which are very noticeable, yet more subtle, for example Amà ©lie’s daydream of Nino sneaking up behind her in the kitchen. This sequence uses a split screen which resembles a thought bubble, showing Nino approaching Amà ©lie’s back whilst larger section of the frame shows Amà ©lie’s reactions from the front view. The use of these techniques, especially the animation, contribute to the film’s novelty factor, surprising and exciting the audience. If his use of CGI tells us anything about Jeunet’s auteur style, it is that he is not concerned with absolute realism. He enjoys the artifice of film and extends it as far as he can, integrating the fanciful with the actual while avoiding â€Å"cheesiness†. Equally important in creating Jeunet’s uncompromised auteuristic style is the wide range of shots, angles, and editing techniques. Vanderschelden (2007) notes that many of the camera techniques used throughout the film are â€Å"playful†¦reinforcing the light-hearted, cartoon-like tone†. I agree strongly with this statement, as the film is rich with interesting and unusual camera angles and pans, which perfectly reflect the characters portrayed. Montage sequences are liberally used in Amà ©lie, and are a key element to the style of the film. The whole opening of the film appears to be montage, the very fast paced shots of Amà ©lie’s childhood, from conception, to birth, to being five years old, to being fully grown up. According to Eisenstein’s Montage theory, the juxtaposition of opposites or similarities allows the filmmaker to shape the mind and emotions of the viewer. I feel that Jeunet chose to show Amà ©lie growing up at such a roaring pace, juxtaposing her childhood years and adult years, to show the audience how much she has changed and how much she has stayed the same. This device not only adds a â€Å"quirky humour† to the film, but it also introduces the fast paced and frantic tone of the film, allowing the viewer to gain a lot of ‘pointless’ information in a very short amount of time. The use of sped up footage is used throughout the film, accompanied by loud sound effects to keep the pace of the film up. The pacing up also works to create a surreal and quirky feel to the film. An example of this is when Amà ©lie cuts up the letters in a blur of speed. I found this added a little cartoon-like element to the film, as well as allowing the viewer to understand what it happening. Other examples of this in the film are the sped-up linking shots between Amà ©lie visiting the various Bedoteaux (not Betodeau), again accompanied by racing car noise sound effects. Another technique Jeunet uses in Amà ©lie is the use of a handheld camera. An example of this is in the fast paced scene where Amà ©lie takes the blind man by the arm and tells him what she sees. The handheld camera adds to the spontaneity of the scene, as it follows Amà ©lie’s sudden decision to help people. The scene is over very quickly, leaving the blind man stood appreciating what has just happened, and the handheld camera turns into a crane shot which swoops above, highlighting the significance of that moment. Often in films such as Mathieu Kassovitz’s â€Å"La Haine† (1995) the handheld camera is a technique which adds realism and makes the film seem much more dramatic. I feel that in Amà ©lie, the opposite effect is achieved, as the handheld camera is not used extensively, and is only used in times of excitement and joy, such as the final scene of Nino and Amà ©lie riding on the moped in a fairytale-like ending. Instead of adding realism, the handhel d camera conforms to Jeunet’s unique style, and adds to the surrealism of the film. Jeunet successfully uses a lot of panning and tracking, adding also to the fast pace established by the other techniques. For long periods of the film there is constant fluid movement, with the camera circling characters or swooping over scenes. The audience is often placed in an observing position, with the camera standing at a distance to the action. We are used to this convention in film but we are also used to being invited to get close into the action when it is appropriate, for instance if there is an important conversation. There are some occasions in Amà ©lie where we expect to be closer in to the action than we are, for example in the closed cafe, when Amà ©lie suggests to Georgette that Joseph likes her, we are positioned in a corner behind the stacked chairs, as if suggesting that we are eavesdropping on the conversation. This adds an air of secrecy and mystery in the film. An extension of this is when we see the action through a window, or an actual physical barrier, such as the conversation between Amà ©lie and Nino in the cafe where they talk through the glass screen. And removing the audience even further, binoculars and video cameras are used by the characters in the film in some scenes, lending an air of voyeurism to their, and consequently our, role. In addition, the film appears to be shot as a picture. Many of the scenes are framed; each looked pretty as a postcard and reflected her status of an observer. Scenes framed as pictures.